Ethical Dilemma Case Study - 1062 Words

Ethical Principles: Allison’s Ethical Decisions Ayesha Youngblood Towson University Ethical Principles: Allison’s Ethical Decisions Introduction In the professional workplace, one’s personal values and beliefs, may interfere with the social workers ability to serve their client efficiently. In this case study, Allison is a white, 28-year-old counselor to 19-year-old Carmen who is Latina. Carmen was born in Puerto Rico, and moved to the United States when she was 10. Allison has been helping Carmen with potential job opportunities, once she obtains her associates degree from her community college. When Allison presents her ideas with Carmen, Carmen says they all sound nice but she needs to follow up with her papi.†¦show more content†¦Allison failed to be mindful of the relationships that were important to her client. Carmen stresses that the relationship with her family, and father are important and Allison should be working and encouraging their family bond. When viewing the Ethical Principles in the Code of Ethics, Allison failed to apply the value of dignity and worth of the person, and the value of importa nce of human relationships, when helping her client Carmen. There are different personal values presented by both Allison and Carmen in this case study. Allison’s personal values are those presented such as independence of women, and independence of family. Allison presents to Carmen that she believes in women being independent, and not needing to depend on men to support them. She also shows that she believes in independence from parents and family. Carmen’s personal values are those presented such as, the importance of family, and parental decision making. Carmen shows that she believes it is important to involve her parents in the decisions that she makes. She also shows that her father’s opinion is very important to her. Carmen, being from a Puerto Rican background had these values because of what was instilled in her from her cultural background. According to Dolgoff, Harrington, and Loewenberg (2012), Weick suggests that it is important in the professional field to listen to clients, and not allow ones own beliefs a nd values to show judgment towards theShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemma Case Study1333 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment â€Æ' Contents Answer 1 Ethical Dilemma of the organization: 2 Answer 2 Four Steps of Ethical analysis 3 Step 1 Understanding the situation: 3 Step 2 Isolate the major ethical Dilemma: 3 Step 3 Ethical Analysis 3 a) Consequentialism: 3 b) Rights and duties 4 c) Kant’s categorical Imperative 4 d) Discussion 4 Step 4 Making a decision: 4 Conclusion 5 References 5 â€Æ' Answer 1 Ethical Dilemma of the organization: In the given case study, the ethical dilemma exists with the working structureRead MoreEthical Dilemma Case Study842 Words   |  4 PagesAn ethical dilemma is a situation by which its difficult to determine whether a situation is can be handled without disappointing both sides. Therefore, an ethical dilemma exists when the right thing to do is clear or when members of the healthcare team cannot agree on the right thing to do. Ethical dilemmas require negotiation of different points of view (potter, Perry, Stockert, Hall 2011pg 78). The case study briefly explains a situation between daughter and father regarding the fathersRead MoreEthical Dilemma Case Study843 Words   |  4 Pages The ethical dilemma is a situation by which it’s difficult to determine whether a situation is can be handled without disappointing both sides. Therefore, an ethical dilemma exists when the right thing to do is clear or when members of the healthcare team cannot agree on the right thing to do. Ethical dilemmas require negotiation of different points of view (potter, Perry, Stockert, Hall 2011pg 78). 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As such, he wasRead MoreCase Study Week 2 - An Ethical Dilemma719 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study Week 2 - An Ethical Dilemma The biopharmaceutical company needs to hire two new research scientists. The lowest salary the company can pay a new research scientist is 135,000 per scientist. The business is not a well-known establishment within the state of South Dakota. A female scientist interviews for one of the vacant position, but supposedly does not possess â€Å"fresh ideas†. Yet she is offered a job with a salary of $105,000, which is below the lowest salary the company predicted itRead MoreEthical Dilemma In The Social Work Case Study786 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciples which are applied as standards in determining ethical judgements. This paper will explore an ethical dilemma and how utilizing the ethical decision making model can offer different resolutions. Joseph (1983) discussed how this ethical model â€Å"suggests a structure and a systematic process for inquiry into ethical issues that emerge in clinical practice and its organizational contexts.† Dilemma in Context Practice Setting The dilemma transpired in an outpatient community mental health center

Differences Between Red Pandas and Giant Pandas in the...

The article compared the behavior of red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) and giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in the wild with regards to foraging, daily and seasonal activity, and land use pattern. The purpose of the study was to improve understanding of the nature of the evolutionary relationship between the two species. A combined method of behavior observation and radio telemetry was used to gather the data. The giant pandas (3 males and 2 females) were radio-collared and studied between 1981 and 1983 and the female red panda in 1984 in a 35km2 area in the Wolong Reserve in China. The activity patterns of the red panda were recorded by taking readings from a motion-sensor fitted in the radio-collar once every month from February to†¦show more content†¦The researchers attributed these feeding patterns to the physiology and nutritional requirements of these animals. Because of their small body size, red pandas could eat small amounts of the most nutritious part of the plant and still meet their nutritional requirements. Giant pandas could not implement the same strategy due to their larger body size. As a result, they ate leaves and stems in bulk to satisfy their nutritional requirements. Compared to giant pandas, red panda rested more often during the day, even though there was no significant difference in the lengths of the resting periods. The red panda was most active in the morning and evening while giant pandas had no obvious periods of peak activity. Whereas the red panda had regular activity throughout all months of the year, the giant panda showed some seasonal change in activity patterns. It was also discovered that both species had an overlapping range even though each species concentrated its activity around a particular core area. Contributions: Red pandas and giant pandas have historically shared their range and the two species are said to be sympatric. This means that they have evolved alongside each other in the same geographical area sharing the same resources, but not showing any signs of competitive exclusion. There has been a debate for many years about the evolutionary relationship between these herbivorous carnivores. Although they share several biological and behavioralShow MoreRelatedAsia: the Worlds Largest and Most Popular Continent4519 Words   |  19 PagesMiddle East, but not in Asia, even though the Middle East is a division of Asia. The demarcation between Asia and  Africa  is the  isthmus  of  Suez  and the  Red Sea. The border with Europe starts with the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, even though Turkey in the  Near East  extends partly into the  Aegean Islands  and includes  Istanbul on the European side of the  Bosporus. On the north the boundary between the continents of Asia and  Europe  is commonly regarded as running through the  Dardanelles, the  SeaRead MoreComparative Study of Pakistan Chinese Cultures13385 Words   |  54 Pagesideology, ethics and living styles are compared with some examples and details. The architecture, food, arts and crafts, religion, education and festivals are elaborated in write detail to get the list of both cultures and to figure out the difference between two friendly boarder countries. It has been found that both courtiers have different religion ideologies and living styles but both share the same shades of love, harmony and respect for the elders. School of Management Northwestern PolytechnicalRead MoreMcdonalds Strategic Analysis12693 Words   |  51 Pagesmanagement system, accounting system, and usually the information system. Supplies are ordered from previously approved sources. Managers often receive training at corporately sponsored institutes. The simplest franchise type involves a contract between a supplier and a business owner. The business owner agrees to sell only one version of a particular product. For example, McDonald’s sells only Coca-Cola soft drinks. The fastest growing type of franchise is the package franchise in which a wholeRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 Pagesunderstand why this subject is so highly debated, polarizing and fueled with a pro or con stance, it is best to start at the beginning. Genetically Modified Organisms and the technology used to create them have been around for a very long time. The difference is in recent years the processes and uses for GMOs has increased while removing some of the ‘natural’ aspects of it. In times of the past, farmers would take the pollen from one plant and cross pollinate that with that of another plant to create

Basic Business Statistics Population Data

Question: Discuss about theBasic Business Statisticsfor Population Data. Answer: Introduction The world is a rapidly changing environment that brings new ideas, and population data with each day that passes. The things that people could only dream of in the past decades are now a living reality in todays world (Hair Jr. and Lukas, 2014). Advancements in companies, their daily business activities and functions have grown hundreds of times and are now more appealing to the consumers than they were a few years back. The same thing has happened with the human population in general. People are now more aware about the market and the consumer products, and their general behaviour is now quite comprehensive and highly demanding. This has forced businesses all over the world to institute necessary changes in order to meet market demands and satisfy consumer behaviours. Berenson et al. (2012) reports that businesses are taking much of their time in decision making since it is in their obligations to satisfy the demands of the consumers. Understanding consumer satisfaction is one of the most obvious challenges faced by business organisations. Others include launching of new products, pricing, competition, effective market research, predicting consumer behavior, et cetera.The need to handle such challenges is the reason behind organizations investing in market research (Levine, 1999; Burns and Burns, 2008; Zikmund et al., 2008). This paper gives a detailed analysis report of a market research process involving a taste test for a snack shop with two different snack flavours. The data set is described and analysed through statistical graphs and numerical summaries. Finally, a real life example of similar tests is given and the relevant market research questions. Description of the Data Set The essence of analysing and interpreting data is typically to give meaning to what would otherwise be a mere representation of values and numbers. Nonetheless, the importance of data statistics in business research is dependent on the clarity of the defined research survey question or the problem being surveyed (Kotz et al, 2012; Gentle et al., 2012; Bryman and Bell, 2015). This suggests that, the researcher needs to properly edit the data collected before analysing it so as to detect any errors in the early stages of statistical interpretation. This can be approached in a number of ways including consistency checks and other checks; and what the given data can or cannot achieve in the intended research. Therefore, it would be important to follow these guidelines in interpreting and analysing the given dataset of the snack food described in sample of 1000 survey data. Each hypothetical sample has 100 observations. In essence, there are five variables in this dataset (Murakami and Li vingstone, 2016). In the first variable, each person was given 2 versions of the product and was asked which version they preferred this variable was categorical. The second variable is on gender and is also categorical. The third variable wanted to know the test of each person with regard to the snack food and this was categorical as well. However, the fourth variable was numerical as it sought to know what each person would pay for the snack food. Similarly, the fifth variable is also numerical indicating the age of the participants as below 40 or above 40 years. Two other questions would include: How much does healthy snacking enter into your snacking decisions? Is there any other comment that you would like to include in addition to how you feel about the snack? Summary of the Data Set The following table and chart give a summary description of the variable how much they would pay: Minimum: O Maximum: 4.1 Count: 100 Mean: 2.6O2 Median: 3.1 Mode: 3 Standard Deviation: 1.1O8 Variance: 1.271 Mid-Range: 1.9 Quartiles: Quartiles: Q1 3 Q2 3.1 Q3 3.2 Comment: on average, people are willing to pay up to 2.602 an amount for the snack. With the standard deviation of 1.108 the snack can be sold up to a maximum of 4.1 but the best price is at 3.1 which would be fair to most of the participants. Summary Filter The filter includes the people that like the product and the appropriate numerical summaries for the follow variable Variable which version they prefer Variable how much they would pay? Row Labels Count of Which version is the best? Neither 5 version 1 2O version 2 25 Grand Total 5O Therefore the proportion of neither in equal to 5/5O=O.1; And the proportion that likes version 2 is equal to 25/5O=O.5 Comment: the snack is generally likeable and people would buy it. However, version too is higher preferred as compared to version one. Therefore, the business should have to produce more of version two and less of version one. Minimum: 2.9 Maximum: 4.1 Count 50 Mean: 3.1O42 Median: 3.1 Mode: 3 Standard Deviation: O.157 Quartiles: Quartiles: Q1 -- 3 Q2 -- 3.1 Q3 -- 3.2 Comment: the best price for the snack according to taste would land at 3.1, this is the value depicted as the mean value and median value most preferred by the participants for purchase. Graphical and numerical summaries relating the variable 2, 3 and 4 This section gives graphical and numerical summaries that describe the variables: Gender and do they like the product? Proportion of people that like the product Column Labels Row Labels like hate Grand Total male 68.00% 32.00% 100.00% female 72.00% 28.00% 100.00% Grand Total 70.00% 30.00% 100.00% count of people that like product Column Labels Row Labels like hate Grand Total male 34 16 50 female 36 14 50 Grand Total 70 30 100 Apparently, more females than males like the snack. However, the percentage representing those who like the product is way higher than those who do not like the snack. Therefore, it would be advisable to deliver the product to the market with the positive expectation that it will be bought at a profit. The variables how much they would pay? and gender For the MALES the summary of the amount they would pay is: Minimum: O Maximum: 4.1 Range: 4.1 Count: 6O Mean: 2.797 Median: 3.1 Mode: 3.2 Standard Deviation: O.9772 Quartiles: Quartiles: Q1 -- 3 Q2 -- 3.1 Q3 -- 3.2 For the FEMALES the summary of the amount they would pay is Minimum value: O Maximum: 3.5 Range: 3.5 Count: 4O Mean: 2.411 Median: 3.1 Mode: 3.3 Standard Deviation: 1.3O34 Quartiles: Quartiles: Q1 -- O.3 Q2 -- 3.1 Q3 -- 3.2 On average, the male gender is willing to pay more for the snack than the female gender. However, the median score is the same suggesting that the best price for selling the product at a profit would be the shared median amount of 3.1. Confidence intervals Excluding people that do not like the product, the 90% confidence interval for the proportion of people that prefer version 1 would be represented by: Mean +-1.96(SD/ sq. root of n) 20 +- 1.96 (0.157/7.07)= 20.044 or 19.956 Excluding people that do not like the product, the 90% confidence interval for the average amount they would pay for the males is: Mean +-1.96(SD/ sq. root of n) +- 1.96 (0.9772/7.75) = 3.226 or 2.732 For females: 4.411 +- 1.96 (1.3034/ 6.325) = 4.815 or 4.007 Hypothesis Tests Using a 5 % level of significance the test of independence for the variables: Gender and do they like the product; indicates that indeed gender has an influence on the outcome test of the participants. From the results, it is true that the female gender likes the snack more than the male gender. Therefore, it is expected that the females would be the most frequent buyers of the snack as compared to their male counterparts. Using the 5 % level of significance, the claim, there is difference between the mean amount males would pay and the amount females would pay is true. Evidently, the male gender is willing to pay more for the snack than the female gender by a difference of 0.4. Therefore, it would be more profitable selling to the male consumers than their female counterparts. The problems of getting survey data in the real world In the real world, marketing surveys are faced by various challenges (Werle, Wansink and Payne, 2015). These include the financial challenge and the ethical issues regarding human survey with humans as the object of test. Other challenges include approval to carry the test and the willingness of individuals to take part in the survey. Additionally, it would be more difficult separating reliable data from non-genuine survey results. Example of an actual product would be the McDonalds Snackwarp and some of the survey questions would include: Gender, age, which snack type would you prefer over the other and why, how much would be pay for the snack and why, do like the products- if No indicate why Source: Wilson et al. (2012) Conclusion Marketing research has no means of arriving to a marketing decision by itself; neither does it guarantee success in product marketing. Nonetheless, by conducting a systematic, analytical and objective marketing research, businesses can minimize the level of uncertainty in making decisions and increase the magnitude and probability of success. References Berenson, M., Levine, D., Szabat, K.A. and Krehbiel, T.C., 2012. Basic business statistics: Concepts and applications. Pearson Higher Education AU. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015. Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Burns, R.P. and Burns, R., 2008. Business research methods and statistics using SPSS. Duffey, K.J., Pereira, R.A. and Popkin, B.M., 2013. Prevalence and energy intake from snacking in Brazil: analysis of the first nationwide individual survey. European journal of clinical nutrition, 67(8), pp.868-874. Gentle, J.E., Hrdle, W.K. and Mori, Y. eds., 2012. Handbook of computational statistics: concepts and methods. Springer Science Business Media. Hair Jr, J.F. and Lukas, B., 2014. Marketing research. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Kotz, S. and Johnson, N.L. eds., 2012. Breakthroughs in Statistics: Foundations and basic theory. Springer Science Business Media. Levine, D.M., Berenson, M.L. and Stephan, D., 1999. Statistics for managers using Microsoft Excel (Vol. 660). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Murakami, K. and Livingstone, M.B.E., 2016. Associations between meal and snack frequency and diet quality and adiposity measures in British adults: findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Public health nutrition, 19(09), pp.1624-1634. Werle, C.O., Wansink, B. and Payne, C.R., 2015. Is it fun or exercise? The framing of physical activity biases subsequent snacking. Marketing letters, 26(4), pp.691-702. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V.A., Bitner, M.J. and Gremler, D.D., 2012. Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013. Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

What Does it Mean to Have Eternal Life thru Jesus Christ

Introduction The following is a critical analysis of what it means to have eternal life through Jesus. The paper is divided into three parts where the first part will look into the various studies and their definition and reference to eternal life. The second part will deal with the aspect of obtaining eternal life. The final aspect will be on the analysis of obtaining eternal life and an overall summary of this writing.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on What Does it Mean to Have Eternal Life thru Jesus Christ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Eternal life is a critical aspect of Christianity and it is the one of the foundational doctrines of Christianity exemplifying the life of Christ through His resurrection. Saint Paul in Romans says that Christianity would be doomed and it would be inexistent if Christ did not rise from the dead. This makes the eternal life a major theme of Christianity. Without eter nal life and eternal perspective, it is likely that there would be no life at all and therefore eternal life is the foundation of Christianity. John 20:26-30 This then takes us to the next point of this decision regarding the meaning of eternal life. This study will base its arguments from the Gospel of John 20:26-30. The Gospel was after the resurrection of Jesus and his ascension where he was revealing himself to his disciples. Earlier on, he had revealed himself to his disciples in the inner room but Thomas was not there. When Thomas heard that the disciples had seen Jesus he refused to believe asserting that he can only believe what they were saying when he sees Jesus. When Jesus appeared to them, again, Thomas was there and Jesus showed him the scars where nails pierced him. It was then that Thomas believed. Jesus was however quick to tell his disciples that blessed are those who believe even without seeing. Similarly, eternal life is not something that we can physically see an d touch but it exists and blessed are those who believe of its existence even without seeing it (Neyley, 14). The gospel about the issue of eternal life is the Gospel of John. According to the Gospel John was the disciple who Jesus loved. There are thirty-seven mentions of eternal life in the gospel of john and it seems to be his major theme expressed in his gospel and even in his letter writing of the book of revelation (Neyley, 16). Eternal Life Eternal life is the unending existence of the human soul. It means that even after death the human soul will continue to live. This shows the immortality of the human soul (Barnett, 28).Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Eternal life is also the resurrection of the body, the way Jesus resurrected with a glorified body with the marks of the nails that pierced him. This means that our bodies will resurrect in eternity and we will spend our lives with the savior (Barnett, 32). The other aspect of eternal life, which is even more popular, is that of paradise. This is where those who will live righteously and believe in Jesus Christ will spend their time in heaven singing together with the angels. This view is however futuristic and it only describes of a world to come and not a world which exists. The dying thief crucified together with Jesus on the cross chose to believe him and Jesus promised him that they would be together in paradise. Eternal life also involves an infinite happiness or joy that accrues to those who believe in Jesus Christ. It is the happiness and serenity engulfing the believer amidst of troubles and storms of life because they believe in God. This unending peace is the starting point of the everlasting life (Neyley, 21). Jesus also described eternal life as knowledge of the true God and the Messiah whom he sent to save the world from eternal condemnation. This knowledge goes beyond m ere acquaintance and it is in the deeper and practical interaction with God. These experiences enable one to know the living God in a deeper way as a healer, as compassionate, a judge and as a father. This knowledge is eternal life as it results in the infinite happiness and blessedness. Without knowledge of God and eternal life, it is impossible to please God and be a partaker of eternal joy (Neyley, 67) Eternal life is the restored relationship between God and us. This relationship was lost when Adam and Eve disobeyed God and God removed them while in the Garden of Eden. The sweet relationship where God would come in the evening and converse with them ended. However, eternal life is the restoration of this relationship as Jesus Christ bridged the gap that separated human from God through the atoning sacrifice of his blood. This interaction gives human beings the knowledge of the true and the living God (Thompson, 44). Eternal life also about the new heaven and the new earth where the saints shall reside after the current earth pass away. The book of revelation exemplifies this where John concludes by depicting the New Jerusalem and how spectacular it shall be. It is the epitome of human life, an earth without sin and corruption where the sun and the moon will cease to exist and the owner of the city that is God will be the sun and there shall be no day all night in that city.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on What Does it Mean to Have Eternal Life thru Jesus Christ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will be very spectacular as there shall be no weeping or crying or any form of trouble but only rejoicing and singing. The streets of that city are made of gold. The city will be made of precious stones such as jasper, sapphire and onyx. Twenty-four elders bowing and rising in bewilderment of God’s glory will surround the throne of God. Every Christian ought to look forward t o getting into this city (Barnett, 22). When Jesus was confirming the description, he told his disciples that he is going to make mansions for them and when he will complete them, he will come back for them. This shows that eternal life is indeed real and existent. In order to depict how life after death looked like and to show the unbelieving Sadducees of the existence of paradise, Jesus narrated the story of Lazarus and the rich man and how Lazarus went to paradise and the rich man went to hell. Eternal life is also escape from the forthcoming judgment from God on all sinners and those who refused to obey his commandments. Salvation is therefore the redemption from this judgment and obtaining eternal life instead of death. Eternal life therefore offers humanity a chance to escape from the wrath of God’s judgment that will pass on to all sinners and those who refused to believe in Jesus Christ. Believing The next part of this essay will then ask how then is eternal life obta ined and how can one be in a position to grow in it. How does one obtain eternal life through Jesus? Jesus said that he is the way, life and resurrection. This means that he is the way towards eternal life. He is the mediator who mediates between God and us. By human effort, no one can attain the holiness, which God requires in order to grant eternal life. However, through Jesus God atones our sins and He accepts us as we are provided we believe in Jesus Christ. Jesus Is Also The High Priest The priests work in the temple and are involved in offering sacrifices to God for the forgiveness of the sins of people. Through forgiveness of sins, eternal life is attained. These sins are forgiven when the high priest offers sacrifice to God to redeem one from the eventual death which could have been because of the sins. Sin is therefore a major hindrance to eternal life, as God does not accept sinners to inherit eternal life. Instead, God subjects sinners to eternal condemnation in hell toge ther with Satan and his angels. Acceptance of Christ means confessing one’s sins to this high priest and then accepting and believing that He forgives sins (Daniel, 42). The eternal life is also obtained through Jesus paid ransom for all those who would be interested in obtaining eternal life. He was flogged, and humiliated. He bore shame and ridicule even though he was the Son of God and was powerful enough to avenge himself so that no one interested in eternal life would have to go through the same crucifixion and suffering to obtain it. He became the ransom for sinners. Eternal life therefore accrues to everyone who believes in him (Daniel, 47).Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Eternal life is a gift and not an offer. It is not something, which the human effort deserves or can attain. Its price is too high and that is why Jesus paid that price so that anyone who is interested in obtaining this life can have it. The only requirement for obtaining eternal life is by believing in Jesus (Daniel, 42). All these lead to the next part of this essay, which is interrelated with the text in John 20:26-30, where the issue of what believing emerges. Thomas refused to believe what he had not seen, he insisted that he must see Jesus and his scars for him to accept that Jesus was alive and he had appeared to his disciples. However, when Jesus finally appeared and displayed his marks to Thomas he said that blessed were those who believed even without seeing (Dauphinas, 12). The foundation of Christianity is faith. It is a very important aspect in Christian life and in the obtainment of eternal life. This is because without faith it is impossible to please God. Hebrew 11; 1 describes faith as the substance of things which are hoped for, it is also the evidence of things which are not seen. Faith is therefore anchored to believing not only what is factual in that it can be touched or smelt by the five physical senses but also that which cannot be perceived by those senses (Dauphinas, 21). Eternal life is therefore a gift to those who believe even what they have not seen or touched. This is because things of God need spiritual discernment and eternal life can only accrue to a person who is believing and able to perceive even that which others cannot see. It is interesting that even the Father of Faith Abraham depicted faith by searching for a city whose founder and builder is God. Faith is therefore an important aspect in obtaining eternal life. In addition, faith does not believe what is seen faith believes even that which cannot be seen (Barnett, 28). Faith permeates human existence in a number of ways, the first one being that even God himself when he created heaven and earth he created it from the unseen. He talked to a formless and dark universe and out of it; he created light and an orderly and organized universe with stars, moon, and planets (Thompson, 6). However, it is not easy for one to believe without seeing as humans are analytical beings endowed with mind and perceptions. Believing that there is life after death and that there is eternal life is not easy especially in the advent of information age where information, data and facts are the main sources of information and they are determinants of what is true or not. This serves to weaken belief about God and the existence of human life. However, it is important to note that belief in the existence of eternal life is the currency, needed for anyone to get the everlasting life (Thompson, 38) Believing alone is not enough. James in the book of Hebrews writes that even the demons believe and they shudder at the mention of the name Jesus but they are not partakers of eter nal life. For believing or faith to be of effect it needs accompaniment of actions that show what one believes in. Believe is a major component and it affects one’s actions and perceptions. A person’s belief affects the values that he or she upholds in life. Believing in Jesus therefore means that one has to abandon the previous perceptions and actions and uphold the values, which Christ taught. It means abandoning a sin-oriented life and engaging a holiness oriented living. Without change in actions and behaviors, one cannot be comprehensively regard as having believed (Barnett, 28). Eternal Life through Jesus Eternal life through Jesus is therefore the eternal coexistence attained by believing that Jesus died on the cross for the sins of humanity and that he reconciled man back to God. This is important as it assures us of peace and that one can live harmoniously knowing that he will resurrect and live-forever in heaven (Daniel, 44). Eternal life through Jesus puts J esus at the centre and it gives no other room other than that of Jesus if anyone hopes to attain eternal life. It is worth noting that eternal life is a gift to the children of God. For one to be a child of God believing in Jesus Christ is imperative for one to obtain eternal life (Daniel, 42). Eternal life of a Christian who believes in Jesus does not begin in heaven or once a person dies, it begins here on earth and it exemplifies the reason why Jesus came to earth. He came that we may obtain life and has it more abundantly. This implies that Jesus also came to make our existence on earth even better than it was. This is because believing in his atoning of sins removes the guilt and self-condemnation that accrues to a sinner. Eternal life in Christ restores joyful living and interaction with God as it restores the joy of salvation. Once a person accepts Jesus, they receive the Holy Spirit who quickens their hearts and minds to walk in the obedience of God. Eternal life therefore b egins in the present once person believes in God (Daniel, 64). Eternal life begins when one accepts Jesus in his heart. Jesus said that he would come in him and abide in him. Jesus is the everlasting one abiding in one’s life and therefore whomever he is abiding in has eternal life. He further says that he is the way the truth and life. Therefore, believing in Jesus is the start of eternity (Moloney, 19). Experiencing eternal life thereby starts in this life because of joy and inner peace experienced because of forgiveness of sins and having a good relationship with God. It comes about through the knowledge of Christ and believing that he is the ransom for our lives and that through his blood those who believe in him are entitled to live with him now and forever more (Moloney, 36). The eternal life is therefore both futuristic and present. It is present when we take into consideration the joy and peace that the believers enjoy because of their relationship with God. This rela tionship begins as soon as one believes in Jesus Christ as the savior of the whole world. It is futuristic when we think of the new heaven and earth that are to come. They are in preparation and therefore it is a future event but it will certainly happen after the second coming of Christ. This two aspects are however related and they all depend on the belief that Jesus is the savior and that he is the ransom of the sins of the world and whoever believes in him will not perish but will have eternal life (Moloney,88). Jesus Christ paid for the eternal life through his painful death of crucifixion so that sinners and all unworthy human beings who could not attain righteousness by their own efforts can attain it through Jesus. Eternal life is therefore a gift attained by Jesus Christ with his blood and given freely to all who believe in him. Conclusion Eternal life is an important aspect of Christianity and one can only obtain it through Jesus Christ. Without Him, there is no eternity f or anyone. It is therefore imperative for everyone to believe in Jesus and his ability to grant humanity eternal life. Eternal life without believing in Jesus cannot be real and it cannot be attained. Works Cited Barnett, Paul. Jesus the Rise of Early Christianity. California: Sage, 2002. Print. Daniel, Carson, The Gospel According To John, Apollos, 1991. Print. Dauphinas, Michael. Reading John with St. Thomas Aquinas. Chicago:Bailey Press, 2005. Print. Moloney, Francis. A Hard Saying: The Gospel and Culture. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2001.Print. Neyley, Jerome. The Gospel of John. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print. Thompson, Robert. Three Views on the Origins of the Synoptic Gospels. Zondervan: California, 2000. Print. This critical writing on What Does it Mean to Have Eternal Life thru Jesus Christ was written and submitted by user Sarah Watson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Computer-Based Office Automation essays

Computer-Based Office Automation essays Personal computer-based office automation software has become an indispensable part of election management in many business environments. Word processing programs have replaced typewriters; spreadsheet programs have replaced ledger books; database programs have replaced paper-based electoral rolls, inventories and staff lists; personal organizer programs have replaced paper diaries; and the list goes on. In the last thirty years technology has made it possible to minimize time wasted on redundant tasks. The paperless work environment has become the goal of many businesses. The overall effect this automation revolution has had on business is getting harder to measure by the day. Starting with the introduction of basic word processing and spreadsheet programs in the 1970s, by the 1990s office automation programs had become very sophisticated. These programs have served to empower ordinary office workers by enabling them to complete tasks in-house that had previously been sent off-site to be completed by specialists. In most cases the increased efficiency has equated to more production and new job opportunities. For example, desktop publishing programs allow relative novices to produce professional-quality publications, where once even the simplest of typesetting tasks had to be sent to professional typesetters and printers. Database and spreadsheet programs running on high-powered personal computers allow everyday users to input, store, process, and use data in ways that once would only have been possible on large main-frame computers operated by specialists. Telephone routing systems have made the workforce more efficient by eliminating unnecessary transfers and lowering hold times. The automated phone answering systems have also made the office more efficient by giving people access to information without having to speak with a real person. Voice mail offers the advantage of answering your calls while you're on the phon...

Major General Sir Isaac Brock in the War of 1812

Major General Sir Isaac Brock in the War of 1812 The eighth son of a middle class family, Isaac Brock was born in St. Peter Port, Guernsey on October 6, 1769 to John Brock, formerly of the Royal Navy, and Elizabeth de Lisle. Though a strong student, his formal education was brief and included schooling in Southampton and Rotterdam. Appreciative of education and learning, he spent much of his later life working to improve his knowledge. During his early years, Brock also became known as a strong athlete who was particularly gifted at boxer and swimming. Early Service At the age of fifteen, Brock decided to pursue a military career and on March 8, 1785 purchased a commission as an ensign in the 8th Regiment of Foot. Joining his brother in the regiment, he proved a capable soldier and in 1790 was able to purchase a promotion to lieutenant. In this role he worked hard to raise his own company of soldiers and was finally successful a year later. Promoted to captain on January 27, 1791, he received command of the independent company that he had created. Shortly thereafter, Brock and his men were transferred to the 49th Regiment of Foot. In his early days with the regiment, he earned the respect of his fellow officers when he stood up to another officer who was a bully and prone to challenging others to duels. After a sojourn with the regiment to the Caribbean during which he fell critically ill, Brock returned to Britain in 1793 and was assigned to recruiting duty. Two years later he purchased a commission as a major before rejoining the 49th in 1796. In October 1797, Brock benefited when his superior was compelled to leave the service or face a court-martial. As a result, Brock was able to purchase the lieutenant colonelcy of the regiment at a reduced price. Fighting in Europe In 1798, Brock became the effective commander of the regiment with the retirement of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Keppel. The following year, Brocks command received orders to join Lieutenant General Sir Ralph Abercrombys expedition against the Batavian Republic. Brock first saw combat at the Battle of Krabbendam on September 10, 1799, though the regiment was not heavily engaged in the fighting. A month later, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Egmont-op-Zee while fighting under Major General Sir John Moore.   Advancing over difficult terrain outside of the town, the 49th and British forces were under constant fire from French sharpshooters. In the course of the engagement, Brock was struck in the throat by a spent musket ball but quickly recovered to continue leading his men. Writing of the incident, commented, I got knocked down shortly after the enemy began to retreat, but never quitted the field, and returned to my duty in less than half an hour. Two years later, Brock and his men embarked aboard Captain Thomas Fremantles HMS Ganges (74 guns) for operations against the Danes and were present at the Battle of Copenhagen. Originally brought on board for use in assaulting the Danish forts around the city, Brocks men were not needed in the wake of Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelsons victory. Assignment to Canada With fighting quieting in Europe, the 49th was transferred to Canada in 1802. Arriving, he was initially assigned to Montreal where he was forced to deal with problems of desertion. On one occasion, he violated the American border to recover a group of deserters. Brocks early days in Canada also saw him prevent a mutiny at Fort George. Having received word that members of the garrison intended to imprison their officers before fleeing to the United States, he made an immediate visit to the post and had the ringleaders arrested. Promoted to colonel in October 1805, he took a brief leave to Britain that winter. Preparing for War With tensions between the United States and Britain rising, Brock began efforts to improve Canadas defenses. To this end he oversaw improvements to the fortifications at Quebec and improved the Provincial Marine which was responsible for transporting troops and supplies on the Great Lakes. Though appointed brigadier general in 1807 by Governor General Sir James Henry Craig, Brock was frustrated by a lack of supplies and support. This feeling was compounded by a general unhappiness with being posted to Canada when his comrades in Europe were gaining glory by fighting Napoleon. Wishing to return to Europe, he sent several requests for reassignment. In 1810, Brock was given command of all British force in Upper Canada. The following June saw him promoted to major general and with the departure of Lieutenant Governor Francis Gore that October, he was made the administrator for Upper Canada giving him civil as well as military powers. In this role he worked to alter the militia act to expand his forces and began building relationships with Native American leaders such as the Shawnee chief Tecumseh. Finally granted permission to return to Europe in 1812, he declined as war was looming. The War of 1812 Begins With the outbreak of the War of 1812 that June, Brock felt that British military fortunes were bleak. In Upper Canada, he possessed only 1,200 regulars which were supported by around 11,000 militia. As he doubted the loyalty of many Canadians, he believed only around 4,000 of the latter group would be willing to fight. Despite this outlook, Brock quickly sent word to Captain Charles Roberts at St. John Island in Lake Huron to move against nearby Fort Mackinac at his discretion. Roberts succeeded in capturing the American fort which aided in gaining support from the Native Americans. Triumph at Detroit Wishing to build on this success, Brock was thwarted by Governor General George Prevost who desired a purely defensive approach. On July 12, an American force led by Major General William Hull moved from Detroit into Canada. Though the Americans quickly withdrew to Detroit, the incursion provided Brock with justification for going on the offensive. Moving with around 300 regulars and 400 militia, Brock reached Amherstburg on August 13 where he was joined by Tecumseh and approximately 600-800 Native Americans. As British forces had succeeded in capturing Hulls correspondence, Brock was aware that the Americans were short on supplies and scared of attacks by the Native Americans. Despite being badly outnumbered, Brock emplaced artillery on the Canadian side of the Detroit River and began bombarding Fort Detroit. He also employed a variety of tricks to convince Hull that his force was larger than it was, while also parading his Native American allies to induce terror. On August 15, Brock demanded that Hull surrender. This was initially refused and Brock prepared to lay siege to the fort. Continuing his various ruses, he was surprised the next day when the elderly Hull agreed to turn over the garrison. A stunning victory, the fall of Detroit secured that area of the frontier and saw the British capture a large supply of weapons which were needed for arming the Canadian militia. Death at Queenston Heights That fall Brock was forced to race east as an American army under Major General Stephen van Rensselaer threatened to invade across the Niagara River. On October 13, the Americans opened the Battle of Queenston Heights when they began shifting troops across the river. Fighting their way ashore they moved against a British artillery position on the heights. Arriving on the scene, Brock was forced to flee when American troops overran the position. Sending a message to Major General Roger Hale Sheaffe at Fort George to bring reinforcements, Brock began rallying British troops in the area to retake the heights. Leading forward two companies of the 49th and two companies of York militia, Brock charged up the heights assisted by aide-de-camp Lieutenant Colonel John Macdonell. In the attack, Brock was struck in the chest and killed. Sheaffe later arrived and fought the battle to a victorious conclusion. In the wake of his death, over 5,000 attended his funeral and his body was buried at Fort George. His remains were later moved in 1824 to a monument in his honor that was constructed on Queenston Heights. Following damage to the monument in 1840, they were shifted to a larger monument on the same site in the 1850s.

THE APLOGY BY PLATO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THE APLOGY BY PLATO - Essay Example â€Å"I am that gadfly which God has attached to the state, and all day long and in all places am always fastening upon you, arousing and persuading and reproaching you† (Plato, 399 BCE) The continued vein of thought associates the idea of an easy death with the possibility of additional irritants. Clearly Socrates believes that while his existence is an irritant to the state it is an irritant that should be accepted as the alternatives are simply more of the same. The idea of freedom of speech can be equated to Socrates brilliance of approach. Though what is said by some may not be appreciated by all it is necessary to have the alternatives available. Unfortunately, in many cases the state will simply terminate the threat regardless of the potential and often assured possibility of another gadfly becoming a persistent irritant in speaking against the state. Of the passage another portion immediately becomes glaringly apparent. His use of God as a defense is admirable and show s a persistent desire to enlighten even the most hard headed of the state’s prosecution against him. If one believes in a God or Supreme Being then it stands to reason that his appearing as an irritant that can potentially cause many problems is given by God. â€Å"For if you kill me you will not easily find a successor to me, who, if I may use such a ludicrous figure of speech, am a sort of gadfly, given to the state by God† (Plato, 399 BCE) In addition to his appeal to a higher power is his appeal to singular ability with the line, â€Å"You will not easily find another like me, and therefore I would advise you to spare me† (Plato, 399 BCE). And he is right, for every human is irreplaceable as every human is singularly unique. Unfortunately, this argument goes against the other arguments regarding the likelihood of additional gadflies appearing and continuing the harassment of the state. For if he is truly unique then one can rightly assume that it is likely h e will not be replaced. More importantly is the thinly veiled message to the state, while it may feel good ridding itself of a stinging, biting nuisance for a while this is no long term solution to any problem. Easily equated to this are the modern movements speaking against state excess and immorality of conflicts and more; while the message is not easily accepted or acted upon by the state, it may become necessary to stop the problem of the gadfly by cleaning up the horse. Again using a modern approach, to stop the protests, articles and various messages against the state it would seem that the easiest course for long term comfort would be the reduction of immoral wars and greed. Plato uses the literal idea of death faced by Socrates both during and after his trial in order to develop the more philosophical concept of philosophy as a pursuit of death. For Plato, the melete thanatou involves the lack of a true fear of physical death but more a fear that the knowledge obtained and p assed on by himself will be lost. â€Å"I were to desert my post through fear of death, or any other fear; that would indeed be strange, and I might justly be arraigned in court for denying the existence of the gods, if I disobeyed the oracle because I was afraid of death, fancying that I was wise when I was not wise† (Plato, 399 BCE). He did not care so much for the minutia of theological argumentation but more the

Critically assess the claim that market research is essential to Essay

Critically assess the claim that market research is essential to small, family owned firms. Do you think that the research aims, methods, tools, outcomes, and e - Essay Example Family owned business market research is usually discussed by the family members who are member of the company. While in big organizations, market research is discussed by high ranking personnel and a team of marketing personnel. We will discuss the importance of market research in a small family owned business. Family businesses have their own special set of challenges. Not only are you in personal relationships with a number of the people you are working with, which can complicate those relationships and those with your other employees, but you also need to deal with leadership roles and how ownership is passed to future generations. (www.smallbusinessnotes.com). Market research deals with the gathering of information, analyzing data and recording. Its uses include helping create a business plan, launch a new product or service, fine tune existing products and services, and expand into new markets. Market research can be used to determine which portion of the population will purchase the product/service, based on variables like age, gender, location and income level. It can be found out what market characteristics a target market has. With market research, companies can learn more about current and potential customers. (www.wikipedia.org). Like any other business the small family owned business needs to have a market research to be able to ... Family members who are involved in the business usually have contradicting ideas and sometimes resulted in misunderstanding because emotions interfere. This is a market research should enters. The family members should put in mind that in market research the success and growth of the business is possible. Market research will also reduce the risk at the earliest stage. Small and big companies start the market research by gathering market information to ensure that they can serve their client by: remaining current with trends, keeping ahead of their competitors and seeking out new markets. Market Research There are several steps that need to be done in order to have a successful market research. The first thing that we need to identify is the problem involve in the company. A family owned company usually have problem in concluding in several things. One of the dimensions that need to be overcome by the family owned company is involvement of emotion during decision making. In a market research it is a waste if you proceed into something without identifying the problem first. Like any other business the family owned business should be able to identify the problem of their business correctly. Market research also helps companies develop information regarding new products or product lines and learn how well new items will be received. It can also help businesses learn how the public responds to a comparable product already on the market. In this way, business can stay in the loop, keeping in touch with the wants and needs of potential consumers. They can halt production of a product that the public shows little or no interest in, or change it, improve it, or

Contact Zones in Chicano Culture Essay Example for Free

Contact Zones in Chicano Culture Essay Meeting someone from another culture expands your knowledge of the world. As you receive new information, you are giving some of your own. The experience of two different people meeting is far less than the experience of two different cultures of people meeting. The most common outcome of these meeting is one culture dominates over the other. This domination eventually leads to hatred towards the oppressors, until the dominated are free. Over many years, the dominated population has integrated their culture with the dominant one but there is still conflict. In â€Å"Arts of a Contact Zone† Mary Louise Pratt writes about the effects of a contact zone, when two different cultures meet and interact, and why it is good. Contact zones bring people together to share ideas and cultures but it can also lead to slavery and conquest . We will focus on one effect: literate arts. Some of the literate arts are autoethnography, transculturation, bilingualism, critique, and denunciation. These literate arts are ways people use language to express a clash of two cultures. An â€Å"autoethnographic text†, a text that a writer uses to respond to the way other people sees their ethnic group, uses things familiar with a dominant race to make a point. Pratt gave us an example of â€Å"autoethnographic text† called New Chronicle and Good Government by Guaman Poma. The title New Chronicle comes from the name of the apparatus used by the Spanish to present their American Conquests to themselves. Poma uses this to create a new picture of the world by rewriting the Christian history with the Andeans at the center of the religion. The new â€Å"Christian-Inca† history resembled European manners and custom descriptions but included the meticulous details of information stored in the Inca societies. Poma used this manner to write his letter to make a parody the Europeans could understand. Glorias Anzaldua essays â€Å"Entering into the Serpent† and â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue† are examples of an â€Å"autoethnographic text. † She uses her essays to destroy some of the stereotypes readers have before they read her essays. Some of the stereotypes of Chicano are they are hated by the US and Latinos and have a conflicted identity. The idea that Americans and Latinos hate Chicanos comes from the belief that they cannot identify with Standard English or Standard Spanish cultures. Since the Chicanos are born in the United States but are ethnically Mexican, they do not â€Å"belong† in the United States or Mexico. The hatred of Americans and Latinos caused the unknown identity of Chicanos. Transculturation occurs when two groups of people integrate different aspects of a culture with each other. An example of transculturation is Poma’s illustrations in New Chronicle and Good Government. The pictures had a European genre but they used Andean systems of spatial symbolism to express values and aspirations. In Anzaldua’s essays, we see transculturation in the religion. â€Å"My family, like most Chicanos, did not practice Roman Catholicism but a folk Catholicism with many pagan elements† (Anzaldua 73). The Roman Catholicism that was the religion of the Spaniards intermingled with Anzaldua’s â€Å"snake religion† to form the folk Catholicism version of la Virgen Guadalupe as Coatlalopeuh. Transculturation and autoethnography both manipulate language. Anzaldua wrote the essays in English and Spanish to identify herself with the Chicano and show us her experience with English speaking people. Poma’s wrote his letter in Quechua and Spanish so both cultures could understand the main points of the letter. In childhood we were told that our language is wrong. Repeated attacks at our native tongue diminish our sense of self. The attacks continue throughout our lives. Chicanas feel uncomfortable talking in Spanish to Latinas, afraid of their censure. Their language was not outlawed in their countries. But for a language to remain alive, it must be used. By the end of this century English, and not Spanish, will be the mother tongue of most Chicanos and Latinos (Anzaldua 89) The language of a culture identifies a person. If someone’s language is banned it makes the person feel unwelcome so to fit in they speak the main language but wonder what is wrong with their own language. When Chicanos speak Spanish they â€Å"spoil† the language and when they speak English they are traitors. This idea of having a wrong language causes confusion and shame, which will lead to not a Chicano identity but an American identity. By identifying with her culture, she creates a known identity for her people. Chicano Spanish is unlike English or Spanish but a combination of both, which results in bilingualism. Anzaldua’s first essay shows us what her religion meant to her, and she blames and criticizes the Catholics for taking away her sexual identity. Before the Spaniards conquest, the male dominated Azteca-Mexica culture had replaced all the female deities with male ones. This replacement split the female deities and the female self. If there were no female (spirit) deities then there was no female identity, according to Anzaldua. After the Conquest, Guadalupe became a virgin and all the other female deities (snake goddesses) were whores. The change in identity of these female deities encourages the virgin/whore dichotomy. This separation of mind and body made it hard for her to find her sexual identity. Pratt’s definition of a contact zone makes it a wonderful and horrible place to be but Anzaldua seems to disagree. Anzaldua’s experience with Catholic people seemed to be the worst thing that happened to her. These chapters from her book Borderlands/La frontera only show one type of opinion with no other positive outlooks. Her dislike of the Catholics inspires her to write these chapters to show us how her life was like and to â€Å"blame† everyone who reads her book. She was not able to have a true contact zone through her experience so she is unwilling to understand the Catholic religion. Anzaldua’s essays are another example for Pratt to use in her essay. The concept of literate arts is present throughout. The essays mainly show the bad parts of Anzaldu’s contact zones but that is the main result of contact zones with a dominant culture. Even though Anzaldua may not agree this is a contact zone. Her bias shows the readers the horrors of her cultures past to encourage a response.

Does Concentrated Acid or Diluted Acid React Faster? :: Science Experiments Reaction Rates Essays

Does Concentrated Acid or Diluted Acid React Faster? Plan I am going to carry out a reaction between Magnesium ribbon and Hydrochloric acid. The aim of this investigation is to work out which reacts faster, concentrated acid or diluted acid. I will judge if the reaction is fast or slow by observing the bubbles which occur during the reaction and also observe if the Magnesium has disappeared. Only the concentration of the acid will be changed - the Magnesium is a solid. Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl(aq) + H2 (g) There are four main factors which may affect rate of reaction. These are: - 1. Concentration 2. Temperature 3. Catalyst 4. Surface area CONCENTRATION- if the concentration of the acid is increased, the rate goes faster. In a concentrated acid there are more particles in it this means that there is a more chance of successful collisions occurring. If the acid was diluted, there are not many acid particles, which means that there is not much chance of an acid particle hitting a magnesium atom. At the start, there are plenty of Magnesium atoms and acid particles but they get used up during successful collisions. After, a time there a fewer Magnesium atoms and the acid is less concentrated so the reaction slows down. This graph shows this: - volume of hydrogen Time Diluted Acid Concentrated Acid = Acid particle = water molecule = Magnesiumatom TEMPERATURE - at low temperatures the particles of reacting substances don't have enough energy. So if the substances were heated this would mean the particles take in energy. This causes them to move faster and collide vigorously very often. Also making more successful collisions. Therefore the rate of reaction increases. CATALYST - using a catalyst can speed up reactions. If there is a catalyst in the reaction then the collision needs less energy in order to be successful. This results into more collisions becoming successful, so the reaction goes faster, catalysts are very important in industry. Reactions are speeded up at low temperatures, which means less fuel is needed so money is saved. SURFACE AREA - if the Magnesium had a large surface area the atoms in the outer layer will only collide with the acid particles but if the metal was powdered, many more atoms are exposed, so there is a greater chance of successful collisions. Concentrated Acid = Acid particle = water molecule = Magnesium atom COLLISION THEORY The Collision Theory is used to predict the rate of reaction. The Theory is based on the fact that for a reaction to take place, it is

Mobile Food Ordering App

INOORERO UNIVERSITY PROJECT REPORT ON: MOBILE FOOD ORDERING APPLICATION NAME: BORU PHILIP JOSHUA ADMN NO: IU/11/05211 UNIT TITLE: PROJECT PLANNING A Project submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Regulations Governing The Award of a Diploma in Information communication and Technology ? Table of ContentsDECLARATION4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT5 DEDICATION6 ABSTRACT7 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION8 Background8 Problem Statement9 Project’s Objective9 Mission9 Vision10 Justification10 Project Scope10 Gantt chart10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW11 Introduction11 Mobile and Handheld Device11 Review of Food Ordering System12 i. Manual Food Ordering System12 ii. Mobile Food Ordering System12 Benefits of Mobile Food Ordering System13 Limitation of Mobile Food Ordering System13 Feasibility Study14 Operational Feasibility14 Economic Feasibility14Technical Feasibility14 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLGY15 Introduction15 Data collection methods15 I. Questionnaires15 II. Interviews15 III. Observation15 D ata analysis15 CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM ANALYSIS TOOLS17 Flow chart of Mobile Food Ordering Application17 Context diagram of Mobile Food Ordering Application18 Data flow Diagrams19 Level 1 DFD19 Entity Relationship Diagram20 CHAPTER FIVE: SYSTEM DESIGN21 INTRODUCTION21 Splash form21 Customer details21 Menu21 Bill21 Option form122 Option form222 Report22 Error / Confirmation Message22CONCLUSION23 Recommendation and Suggestion for Future Research23 REFERENCES24 ? DECLARATION This research project is my original work and has not been presented for assessment by any other person in any institution. Student Name: BORU PHILIP JOSHUA Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Approved†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Supervisor Name: Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Approved†¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirstly, I praise GOD for guiding and blessing me with perseverance and strength to complete the project. Apart from the efforts of me, the success of the project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. The special thank goes to my helpful supervisor Pius Walela. I can’t say thank you enough for his tremendous support and help. Without his encouragement and guidance this project would not have materialized.My grateful thanks also go to my parents and siblings, who held faith in me and pushed me to succeed. A big contribution and support from you is very great indeed. Special thanks also go to my friends those who supported and motivated me during the project completion was v ital for the success of the project. May GOD bless you all. ? DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my mum, siblings, classmates, my lecturers and myself for the love and moral support without which it would not have been possible to complete the project. ? ABSTRACTMobile devices and wireless technologies are making a large impact on our lives. Companies that develop mobile applications are continuously evolving their products, aiming at satisfying the customers’ needs even more comprehensively and at higher levels of quality. The Mobile Food Ordering Application proposed in this paper is one of the tools that intend to provide a food ordering application on mobile devices for ordering food from a restaurant with the option of both delivery and pickup within the central business district of Nairobi.With the rapid growth of mobile technology, nowadays people are looking forward for an application that makes life easier and faster. While in restaurants industries, most businesses people look for any mobile application that improve their business functions for the customers as well as increased the profit. Normally in manual system, human error, waiting time, wasting foods, wrong menu preparation, ordering management and menu selection are the main issues in any restaurants.This paper presents the integration of mobile technology for small medium restaurants mobile food ordering application. This application offers many useful features to customers, including the detailed menus, and previous order lookup. By using this application, the users do not have to wait in a queue at the restaurants. This study also presents the background in terms of new technologies in handheld devices, and current research in human-computer interaction for mobile applications.It also surveys several applications of handheld devices and discusses their characteristics. This thesis also explains the main functions, key usability aspects, intended users of Mobile Food Ordering Applica tion. ? CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Technology is making a large impact on the human life. It feels so strange when we hear that it is only 25 years since the first commercial cellular call was made in the United States, and today there are more than 17 million wireless subscribers in Kenya alone.With the increasing number of cellular subscribers, cellular technology is also becoming more advanced. With increasing popularity and capability of mobile devices, new applications are being launched every day. Today, many things that can be done using computers can also be done with mobile devices. But simply copying computer applications to mobile devices does not work, as user characteristics of computers and mobiles are quite different. Even hough mobility and compactness are major advantages for mobile applications, the small screen, and the small and few buttons of mobile devices are among limitations that make it necessary for mobile application developers to study human computer inte raction for mobile devices and develop their applications accordingly. Mobile shopping or ordering is one of the most popular areas now-a-days. One can buy songs or any applications right from one’s mobile. One can also bid or buy items from the internet straight away using one’s mobile. Similarly, food ordering is also one of the major areas of mobile application development.Some companies have already launched their food ordering products in the market. But these applications haven’t fully exploited the current capabilities of mobiles and missed on some of the required features which would benefit the end users. Thus, I have decided to design and develop a mobile application, Mobile Food Ordering Application, using human-computer interaction principles for mobile devices. As they say, time is money! This application will greatly benefit customers as they don’t have to waste time going to the store and waiting in the queue.They will able to place food or ders using their mobile device from anywhere. By using the proposed application, users can have updated menus on their mobile devices and they do not need to go for the inconvenient ways of listening to the options on phone, or finding a newspaper flyer. Background Before developing a mobile application, a thorough research needs to be done on which mobile device(s) one wants to target. As there are so many different mobile devices currently available in the market, each device may differ in screen size, operating system, and/or supported programming language.So studying the currently available handheld devices and their technologies is a must for a developer for figuring out his or her target audience and selecting the appropriate development tool(s). The modern mobile phone market offers different devices for a wide variety of customer tastes and lifestyles. Some phones are small and sleek, and are popular for their ease of carrying, while some are chosen for their appearance so t hey can become a form of fashion symbols. Mobile manufactures are still developing new devices to attract different age groups and cultural groups.These devices will not only look different but also possess capabilities to attract specific groups of people, for example, phone manufactures are trying to portray their phone as a game console to attract the youngsters. They attract business users by providing productivity tools such as Word, Excel, E mail, Organizer and they also include a virtual pop-up QWERTY keyboard for easy typing. They also attract general mobile users with their still camera, video camera, music player, radio, voice recording, games and internet browsing features.Hence, considering the promising future of the mobile phone market, it is beneficial to write applications for this devices that target large groups of people. Research has shown that simply transferring a regular computer application into a mobile application almost always leads to a suboptimal mobile experience. Hence before starting the development of applications for handheld devices, a developer should consider the mobile device user’s characteristics as well as the limitations of mobile interfaces. Problem StatementThe rapid growths of mobile computing in the business area make customers intend to demand for applications that able to reduce their waiting time for the waiters or waitresses to take an order. Using manual system, it was less economical because it involved the cost of preparing note pads, blank papers, and custom made papers including menu and pens which were used for taking order and may cause error by the waiters or waitresses. Furthermore taking order manually by the waiters or waitresses also will increase human errors where there are possibilities of typing errors by the waiters or waitresses.They also have hard time to remember each price of menu when calculating customer’s food, cook misread to the handwritten orders written by waiters or wa itresses and missed communication between waiters and customers when customers repeat order if they do not get the foods but waiters assume that customers added the foods in the order. When customers intend to select the menu before make an order, they have to refer to the many menu list options which sometimes do not attract them, fulfill their choice and make them difficult to choose.So this application will reduced the selection options from the list on the menu by categorizing it to standard list and special list by packaging the menu into certain types. This option will provide an easier selection and give such a pleasure to the customers in enjoying their meals. Furthermore, the manager also has to request and track the order record and order report from administrator at a certain time but sometimes mistakes always happened where the ordering record hard to track due to the missing of the ordering cart or misplaced the printed record but using computerized system they can acce ss it anytime they want.Project’s Objective The main objective of this study is to propose a Mobile Food Ordering Application for small medium and micro enterprises (SMME) restaurants. This objective is supported by the following sub objectives: †¢To design the navigation model for easier mobile food ordering Application with a minimum errors in the small medium and micro enterprises (SMME) restaurants. †¢To develop an application which demonstrate the navigation of the mobile food ordering application in a small medium and micro enterprises (SMME) restaurants. To produce an effective accessed to schedule reports for administration staffs. Mission To eradicate order placement related time wastage in restaurants and offer improved service to the customers Vision To be a leading food ordering service within the CBD of Nairobi with the provision of Quality service and secure orders Justification The project will benefit target group living in and adjacent areas of Nair obi Central business District.Faster delivery of service as you pre-order your food so you can grab your food as soon as you set your foot in the restaurant, be it take away or, thus reducing the risks of time wastage and queuing. Project Scope This project will be focusing on developing and implementing mobile food ordering app for the small and medium restaurants which will be developed using J2ME programming language connected to MySql database server. The cashier will be responsible to view the confirmed order and prepare a bill and receipt. The kitchen Staff will be responsible to view the order for menu preparation.The administrator will be responsible to monitor overall application, add, update or delete the user, menu, order, and report for the system. Gantt chart TIME IN WEEKS ACTIVITY123456789101112 Introduction of the project Problem Statement Objectives & Justification Scope Gantt Chart Literature review Feasibility study Research Methodology Data diagrams(Analysis tools ) Design Conclusion ? CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter presents an overview of the previous works on the related topic for providing the background of this study.The discussion starts with the review of mobile and handheld device and history of mobile food ordering application for the restaurants. Discussion on the operation of manual food ordering system is continuing with the architecture of the application through wireless mobile and the limitations of system. Discussion also covers the advantages and disadvantages of mobile ordering application. Mobile and Handheld Device According to Lee, Sceinder & Schell (2004) Mobile is defined as: â€Å"The capability of being able to move or moved easily.Whereas in context of mobile computing, mobile pertains to people’s use of portable and functionally powerful mobile devices that offer the ability to perform a set of application functions untethered, while also being able to connect to, obtain data from, a nd provide data to users, applications and system. † Whereas Ballard (Ballard, 2007) outlined that mobile is a device or service used by a user who has the potential to move to a new location, even a new building or city, during use which includes both automobile and phones.Hudson told HumanIPO: â€Å"although takeaway is popular in Nairobi, the restaurant delivery space is incredibly underdeveloped. Given the city’s general chaos and traffic problems, this is surprising. We aim to connect the dots, allowing busy, hungry people to eat in the comfort of their homes, hassle-free and also while the firms are doing a great work, nobody offers a delivery option that takes full advantage of the internet’s capabilities. The current options put a great deal of responsibility on the customer, requiring the use of email or phone to place orders, and sometimes only offering cash on delivery. Originally, the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) was intended to be an earlier ele ctronic version of a handheld â€Å"personal organizer†; however, with the introduction of more powerful central processing units, operating systems and memory, today's the most popular personal organizer is smart phone which are being customized for great variety of applications for the users (Dejin et al. 2006). According to Kulkarni (Kulkarni, 2009) outlined that Smart phones attract both business and general users by providing productivity tools such as Word, Excel, E-mail, Organizer and include a virtual pop-up QWERTY keyboard for easy typing.They also attract general mobile users with still camera, video camera, music player, radio, voice recording, games and internet browsing features. The discussion also expanded with the characteristics of mobile user as outlined by Ballard (Ballard, 2007) as follow: †¢Mobile users are mobile, as they users are not sitting attentively at a desk, like desktop or laptop users do. †¢Mobile users are interruptible and easily di stracted. Mobile users use mobile devices while they are mobile hence they easily can get distracted by the physical world.Sometimes mobile applications can be self distracted by the mobile device itself (e. g. phone) for instance when receiving a call or message. †¢Mobile users are always available. Unlike the desktop or laptop computer, the mobile phone is always with the user and always ON (sometimes users can set it on silent mode, but still most of the time the user has it ready to ring loudly). †¢Mobile phones are identifiable. Unlike the desktop computer, the mobile phone is a personal device, with unique identification features. As discussed by Wendeson (Wendeson et al. 010), the advantages of Windows mobile applications are as follows: †¢ Powered devices contain mobile versions of consistent. †¢ Easy to use †¢ To demonstrate the capabilities of the particular platforms. †¢ Everyday tools such as Microsoft Office Outlook, Office Word, Office Exc el, and Office power point are supported †¢ Currently this platform is familiar. †¢ If application is written once, . NET framework has the potential to generate different languages. Review of Food Ordering System Basically food ordering system in the restaurants industry can be classified into several types: i.Manual Food Ordering System Zhangyuang and Weibing (2010) outlined that the traditional restaurant service mode relies on a lot of manpower to handle customer reservation, inquiry, ordering food, placing order, reminding dishes, and chefs are usually not clear because of the writing and the attendant distress. It is supported by Yong (Yong et al. 2010) where Manual Food Ordering System uses waiter to take order from customers. During peak hour, customers may be too many to be served by waiters. The quality of the service may drop thus causing dissatisfactory of customers.However, if there are too many waiters are hired, it may be a waste of resources during non-peak hour. ii. Mobile Food Ordering System As discussed by Zhou (Zhou, 2010), utilizing information technology to upgrade the service quality and management efficiency has always been received great concern in information development of catering industry. This is supported by Khairunnisa (Khairunnisa et al. 2009) where a number of personal digital assistant based mobile applications have been designed, implemented and developed for commercial use in a restaurant environment.So the mobile food ordering system is the best mobile application that can help catering enterprises reduce the costs of human resources, improve work efficiency and leap forward from the external image to the internal service quality. Hence for mobile food ordering system, according to Sun (Sun et al. 2009) the information technology developing constantly gives an impulse to industrial expansion such as in the restaurants, the method of electronic ordering dish is adopted widely. Using the high technology method can improve the profit of economy and achieve an efficient management technique.Besides that, smart phone and other handheld devices are being preferred as device for business applications because they are highly portable, have the ability to communicate with personal computers accessed information from remote locations. Additionally, food ordering system using latest handheld devices is the latest trend in helping customers to order their foods, beverages, dessert and etc. (Patel et al. 2007). Furthermore by using handheld technology it is able to increase the speed of restaurant services dramatically (Lim et al. 009). This supported by Mahmoud (Mahmoud et al. 2009) where an integrated mobile ordering system is expected to enable faster and more efficient order processing, efficient and easy orders editing and reviewing with the customer, minimizing human and billing errors, reduction in the number of staff required and easier communication between the users of the system. Such system s increase the number of customers that are satisfied with the service. Benefits of Mobile Food Ordering SystemKulkarni (2010) addressed that the major benefit of mobile food ordering system are mobility and compactness to the users itself. With the development of this system, the enterprise will not only save labor costs, more the management will be towards information, intelligence and it will bring long-term economic benefits as highlighted by Yu and Zhu (Yu & Zhu, 2010). In the other hand, Sun and Zhou (Sun & Zhou, 2009) also agreed that using the high tech method in the ordering system can improve the profit of economy and achieve efficient management technique.As discussed by Stanford (Stanford, 2003), the current ordering system can be categorized into four groups of users; customers, owner, staffs and architect. With the development of the system, it benefits the customers in providing the faster services, reduces the errors and offered a calm technology. While for the owner , the system can reduce the management cost and provide a better inventory management. Process of taking order, sending order to the kitchen, serving the foods, preparing a bill and managing the order changed made by the customers easier with the system.The system is also able to reduce the problems amongst the staffs in attending the customers and can contribute the income to the restaurants by attracting the customers to visit the restaurants with their services. It will be a challenge for the developer to develop the system successfully. Hence the system also is working in a pervasive computing. It will update the status of menu items if the ingredients running out for the menu ordered by the customers. Limitation of Mobile Food Ordering SystemThe limitations in implementation of the system to be considered as the following: †¢Wireless Network: even if we have seen great advancements in wireless networks and technologies. Still there is a limited bandwidth problem. †¢Is sues with mobile phones: there are thousands of different brands mobile phones with different capabilities and constraints, like hardware constraints are, such as memory, screen size, processing power, battery consumption, resolution and display color. †¢Content creations: as we know the term mobile phones refers to any portable device including smart phones, PDAs, mobile phones, tablet PCs, and laptop.Technically, creating materials which can be rendered in all of these devices is a big challenge. (Niazi, 2007). To address this problems, extended-life battery cradle that supporting a full shift with intensive backlighting, networking and a strong tether to secure the PDA or cell phone (Stanford, 2003). According to Kulkarni (Kulkarni, 2010) the small screen, and the small and few buttons of mobile devices are among limitations that make it necessary for mobile application developers to study human computer interaction for mobile application.In conclusion, this chapter provided the background information about the mobile and handheld devices, manual system for food ordering, mobile food ordering system, the limitation of the manual system and the benefits of the mobile food ordering system. Feasibility Study Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an existing or a proposed system, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success.It is usually carried out by a small number of people who are familiar with the information system techniques, understand the part of the business or organization that will be involved or effected by the project and are skilled in the system analysis and design process. It is intended to be a preliminary review of the facts to see if it is worthy of proceeding to the analysis phase. From the systems analyst perspective, the feasibility analysis is the primary tool for recommending whethe r to proceed to the next phase or to discontinue the project.Operational Feasibility Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it satisfies the requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development. This is dependent on available human resources for the project. It reviews the willingness of the organization to support the proposed system. The proposed system will first and foremost solve the problem of speed at which the current manual system is upon.A bigger variety of Transactions will be performed in real time using live data and at the same time providing high levels of security. Economic Feasibility This is a cost/benefit analysis. It is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a new system. The procedure is to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compa re it with the costs. If a benefit outweighs cost, then the decision is made to design and implement the system. Otherwise further alterations are made in the proposed system.Technical Feasibility A large part of determining resources has to do with assessing technical feasibility. The system will require input from the users. This data will be used in analysis and the analyst must find out whether current technical resources can be upgraded or added to in a manner that fulfills the request under consideration. ? CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLGY Introduction This chapter will explain the methodology that was used in this project to develop Mobile Food Ordering application. Data collection methodsThese are tools that were used in the analysis, design, development and implementation of the system. I. Questionnaires These are facts gathered about the activities taking place in the restaurant. This type of investigation is done by use of well organized and simple questions which needs short answers. Some of the questions asked include; a. How many customers do you handle at once during peak hours of business? b. Have you ever placed a wrong order? Why? c. What are the Drawbacks of this manual system in your own opinion? d. Would you like if the ordering system is automated? II.Interviews It’s a conversation in which the researcher tries to get information from the interviewer. The method assumes that the respondents to be interviewed have the information required; they understand questions, which are put to them and will be able to give answers face-to-face. III. Observation This involved observing the old system at work. The way staffs attended to the customers by taking order, sending order to the kitchen, serving the menu, handle the changed order by the customers, waiting time for the orders and handle payment from the customer was observed and evaluated.The following was observed of the manual system: †¢Serving a customer could take up to about 20-30 minutes. †¢The waiter had to go from where the customers are placed to the kitchen to place orders, hence overcrowding at times. †¢During peak hours of business the waiters are overloaded with orders leading to placement of wrong orders. †¢During off peak the restaurant has many idle waiters. Data analysis This stage discussed the requirements analysis for the data collection as the user’s requirements. The purpose of the requirements analysis is to identify what are the user’s needs for mobile food ordering application.From the managers and staffs view, they found that when many customers came at one time their quality of services quite reduced and they also admitted that when they faced with this situation, it made them feel unsatisfied with their services when there are a lot of complaints from the customers. ? CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM ANALYSIS TOOLS Flow chart of Mobile Food Ordering Application No yesyes yes No Context diagram of Mobile Food Order ing Application ororderrequest orderDelivery/ Bill Processed OrderData flow Diagrams Level 1 DFD order Details Entity Relationship Diagram ? CHAPTER FIVE: SYSTEM DESIGN INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the details of the Mobile Food Ordering Application. The discussion contains the platform for the application and the description of the modules in application. Splash form This form is shown when the customers open’s the application. The customer press’ next/enter to continue. WELCOME TO APEX BISTRO PRESS NEXT TO CONTINUE NEXT CLOSE Customer detailsIn this page customer will enter his/her details in the Enter your Details First name——- Last name ——– Cell no. ——— Address——– Menu This page contains the menu that is available in the restaurants. The customer selects the menu, places an order and Submits. MENU Chips70 Sausages25 Samosa30 Buns20 Cake Black forest100 Press Submit to continue Bill This page contains the information about the order placed by a customer, it contains the bill report. Bill Report Your Bill is Kshs. 560 PRESS SUBMIT TO CONTINUE Option form1This form contains the option that asks the user, the preference of delivery or dine-in. Option form1 Do you prefer:-(check the radio button) oDelivery oDine-in oTake away NEXT BACK Option form2 This form contains the option that asks the user, the payment mode of choice. Option form2 Do you prefer to pay by:-(check the radio button) oCash-on delivery oM-pesa (pay bill number 11888) NEXT BACK Report This form displays the order placed, total bill and choice of opotion1 and option2 and the time the order will be ready. ReportYOU ORDERED:- CHIPS Samosa Soda. Your bill is:- Kshs. 130/= You order will be ready for take away in 30mins Cash on delivery Error / Confirmation Message The Application provides error message and confirmation message so that it can guide the users to enter all the mandatory information and a lert them. ? CONCLUSION The mobile ordering application has emerged increasingly and expected brought a big change in a businesses as well as other fields because users rely on it too much. Mobile applications also will be demanded by the users for its convenience and ease of functioning.It also will improve the employee’s works performance as well as user’s satisfaction. The main contributions of this study include; †¢ Exploration of current technologies for designing and developing software applications for mobile devices (Java 2 Micro Edition, MYSQL database and Php). †¢ Mobile Food Ordering Application also addressed major problems in ordering process and restaurants management by reducing the customer’s time and the management’s time for food ordering process, reduce the cost of food preparation, reduce wasted foods, reduce cost for the pen and papers. Customers can give special order on the menu with preferred ingredients. †¢ Helps th e customers and management so that customers can have their pleasure for making order and management can improve their management . Recommendation and Suggestion for Future Research Based on the achievement of this study, the future research that may conduct for Mobile Food Ordering Application are: †¢ To enable Mobile Food Ordering Application to interact with the mobile customers by replying the feedback for the customer’s requests such as confirm the customer’s order by sending a message to the mobile. To allow customer registration to Mobile Food Ordering Application and application can save customer’s details for future order. †¢ To enable Mobile Food Ordering Application to function in a real mobile environment with the interaction between the App and users. †¢ To enable Mobile Food Ordering Application to display a feedback for the running out ingredients when customers make an order. ? REFERENCES A food delivery app wants to ease Nairobiâ €™s traffic(2012) Retrieved 12 July 2012 from http://www. humanipo. com Barbara, B. (2007). Designing the mobile user experience.England:John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chien, N. 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